Class 12 Physical Chemistry

• Chapter-1: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • Valence electrons in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • ionic bond in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • covalent bond in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • bond parameters in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • Lewis structure in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • the polar character of covalent bond in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • the covalent character of ionic bond in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • valence bond theory in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • resonance in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • the geometry of covalent molecules in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • VSEPR theory in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only) in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
  • hydrogen bond in Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
• Chapter-2: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • Three states of matter in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • intermolecular interactions in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • types of bonding in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • melting and boiling points in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • Boyle’s law in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • Charle’s law in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • Gay Lussac’s law in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • Avogadro’s law in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • ideal behavior in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • empirical derivation of gas equation in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • Avogadro number in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • ideal gas equation in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea) in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • deviation from ideal behavior in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • liquefaction of gases in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • critical temperature in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • Liquid State – Vapour pressure in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • viscosity in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
  • surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations) in States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
• Chapter-3: Thermodynamics
  • Concepts of system in Thermodynamics
  • types of systems in Thermodynamics
  • surroundings in Thermodynamics
  • work in Thermodynamics
  • heat in Thermodynamics
  • energy in Thermodynamics
  • extensive and intensive properties in Thermodynamics
  • state functions in Thermodynamics
  • the first law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy in Thermodynamics
  • heat capacity and specific heat in Thermodynamics
  • measurement of ΔU and ΔH in Thermodynamics
  • Hess’s law of constant heat summation in Thermodynamics
  • enthalpy of bond dissociation in Thermodynamics
  • combustion in Thermodynamics
  • formation in Thermodynamics
  • atomization in Thermodynamics
  • sublimation in Thermodynamics
  • phase transition in Thermodynamics
  • ionization solution, and dilution, in Thermodynamics
  • the introduction of entropy as a state function in Thermodynamics
  • the second law of thermodynamics in Thermodynamics
  • Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, in Thermodynamics
  • criteria for equilibrium in Thermodynamics
  • the third law of thermodynamics – a brief introduction in Thermodynamics
• Chapter-4:Equilibrium
  • Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes in Equilibrium
  • dynamic nature of equilibrium in Equilibrium
  • law of mass action in Equilibrium
  • equilibrium constant in Equilibrium
  • factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle in Equilibrium
  • ionic equilibrium – ionization of acids and bases in Equilibrium
  • strong and weak electrolytes in Equilibrium
  • degree of ionization in Equilibrium
  • ionization of polybasic acids in Equilibrium
  • acid strength in Equilibrium
  • concept of pH in Equilibrium
  • Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea) in Equilibrium
  • buffer solutions in Equilibrium
  • Henderson equation in Equilibrium
  • solubility product in Equilibrium
  • common ion effect (with illustrative examples) in Equilibrium
• Chapter-5: Redox Reactions
  • Concept of oxidation and reduction in Redox Reactions
  • redox reactions in Redox Reactions
  • oxidation number in Redox Reactions
  • balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers in Redox Reactions
  • applications of redox reactions in Redox Reactions