Q1: 1. What is the first step in the research process?

• A) Data collection
• B) Hypothesis testing
• C) Research design
• D) Literature review

Q2: 2. Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in natural settings without interfering?

• A) Experiment
• B) Survey
• C) Case study
• D) Observation

Q3: 3. What is a variable that influences the relationship between an independent and dependent variable?

• A) Extraneous variable
• B) Control variable
• C) Dependent variable
• D) Independent variable

Q4: 4. What type of research design involves studying the same group of individuals over a period of time?

• A) Cross-sectional
• B) Longitudinal
• C) Experimental
• D) Descriptive

Q5: 5. Which sampling method involves selecting individuals based on their availability and willingness to participate?

• A) Random sampling
• B) Purposive sampling
• C) Convenience sampling
• D) Snowball sampling

Q6: 6. What is the process of defining a research problem and developing a strategy to address it called?

• A) Data analysis
• B) Research design
• C) Sampling
• D) Hypothesis testing

Q7: 7. Which research method involves gathering data from a large population through questionnaires or interviews?

• A) Case study
• B) Survey
• C) Experiment
• D) Observation

Q8: 8. What is a systematic investigation to establish facts and reach new conclusions called?

• A) Theory
• B) Research
• C) Hypothesis
• D) Experiment

Q9: 9. Which research method involves manipulating one variable to observe its effect on another variable?

• A) Survey
• B) Case study
• C) Experiment
• D) Observation

Q10: 10. What is a tentative statement about the relationship between variables that is subject to testing called?

• A) Theory
• B) Hypothesis
• C) Research question
• D) Conclusion

Q11: 11. Which research method involves studying a single individual or group in depth?

• A) Survey
• B) Case study
• C) Experiment
• D) Observation

Q12: 12. What is a method of selecting a sample in such a way that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included called?

• A) Convenience sampling
• B) Purposive sampling
• C) Snowball sampling
• D) Random sampling

Q13: 13. Which research design involves collecting data from different groups of people at the same point in time?

• A) Longitudinal
• B) Cross-sectional
• C) Experimental
• D) Descriptive

Q14: 14. What is a factor that is deliberately kept constant in an experiment to test the effect of the independent variable called?

• A) Dependent variable
• B) Extraneous variable
• C) Control variable
• D) Independent variable

Q15: 15. Which type of data collection method involves asking participants to respond to a set of questions?

• A) Observation
• B) Experiment
• C) Survey
• D) Case study

Q16: 16. What is the process of analyzing data to draw conclusions and make recommendations called?

• A) Sampling
• B) Hypothesis testing
• C) Data collection
• D) Data analysis

Q17: 17. Which research method involves manipulating and controlling variables to test cause-and-effect relationships?

• A) Survey
• B) Case study
• C) Experiment
• D) Observation

Q18: 18. What is a detailed plan of how a research study will be conducted called?

• A) Research question
• B) Hypothesis
• C) Research design
• D) Sampling

Q19: 19. Which research method involves collecting data by directly observing and recording behavior?

• A) Survey
• B) Case study
• C) Experiment
• D) Observation

Q20: 20. What is a statement that predicts the relationship between variables based on existing knowledge or theory called?

• A) Theory
• B) Hypothesis
• C) Research question
• D) Conclusion

Q21: 21. Which sampling method involves selecting participants based on their unique characteristics or expertise?

• A) Convenience sampling
• B) Purposive sampling
• C) Snowball sampling
• D) Random sampling

Q22: 22. What is a systematic process of determining the validity and reliability of research findings called?

• A) Data analysis
• B) Research design
• C) Hypothesis testing
• D) Research evaluation

Q23: 23. Which research method involves studying the relationship between variables without manipulating them?

• A) Survey
• B) Case study
• C) Correlational study
• D) Experiment

Q24: 24. What is a structured set of questions used to gather data from participants called?

• A) Hypothesis
• B) Survey
• C) Experiment
• D) Observation

Q25: 25. Which research design involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effects on a dependent variable?

• A) Longitudinal
• B) Cross-sectional
• C) Experimental
• D) Descriptive

Q26: 1. What is the first step in the sociological research process?

• A) Collecting data
• B) Formulating a research question
• C) Analyzing data
• D) Writing a research report

Q27: 2. Which research method involves observing subjects in their natural environment without interference?

• A) Survey
• B) Experiment
• C) Participant observation
• D) Case study

Q28: 3. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?

• A) Detailed descriptions of participants' experiences
• B) Observational notes from a field study
• C) Survey responses rated on a scale of 1 to 5
• D) In-depth interviews with key informants

Q29: 4. What is the purpose of a literature review in sociological research?

• A) To summarize the main findings of the study
• B) To present the research design and methodology
• C) To provide background information on the topic
• D) To analyze the data collected

Q30: 5. Which sampling method involves selecting participants based on their availability and willingness to participate?

• A) Random sampling
• B) Quota sampling
• C) Convenience sampling
• D) Snowball sampling

Q31: 6. What is the dependent variable in a study examining the relationship between income and health outcomes?

• A) Income
• B) Health outcomes
• C) Age
• D) Education level

Q32: 7. Which research design involves studying the same group of participants over an extended period of time?

• A) Cross-sectional study
• B) Longitudinal study
• C) Experimental study
• D) Case study

Q33: 8. What is the purpose of triangulation in sociological research?

• A) To combine different research methods for a comprehensive understanding
• B) To manipulate research findings to fit a specific hypothesis
• C) To exclude conflicting data from the study
• D) To analyze quantitative data only

Q34: 9. Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

• A) Percentage of students who pass an exam
• B) Average income of households in a city
• C) Themes identified from interview transcripts
• D) Number of cars produced by a company

Q35: 10. What ethical consideration should researchers prioritize when conducting sociological research involving human participants?

• A) Ensuring confidentiality and anonymity
• B) Publishing research findings quickly
• C) Manipulating data to support a hypothesis
• D) Ignoring informed consent

Q36: 11. Which of the following is an example of a closed-ended question in a survey?

• A) "Can you describe your experience in your own words?"
• B) "How do you feel about the current political situation?"
• C) "Do you agree or disagree with the statement?"
• D) "What are your thoughts on the impact of technology?"

Q37: 12. What is the importance of operational definitions in sociological research?

• A) To provide a theoretical framework for the study
• B) To manipulate research findings
• C) To clarify how variables will be measured and observed
• D) To exclude certain data from the study

Q38: 13. Which of the following is an example of a secondary data source?

• A) Conducting interviews with community members
• B) Observing a school playground during recess
• C) Analyzing census data on household income
• D) Creating a survey questionnaire from scratch

Q39: 14. What is the advantage of using a random sampling method in sociological research?

• A) It is cost-effective
• B) It allows for generalizability of findings
• C) It ensures participants are easily accessible
• D) It limits researcher bias

Q40: 15. Which research approach emphasizes understanding social phenomena from the perspective of those being studied?

• A) Positivist approach
• B) Interpretive approach
• C) Structural-functional approach
• D) Conflict theory approach

Q41: 16. How does a hypothesis differ from a research question in sociological research?

• A) A hypothesis is broader in scope than a research question
• B) A hypothesis is based on existing theories, while a research question seeks information
• C) A hypothesis is less specific than a research question
• D) A hypothesis is not testable, while a research question is testable

Q42: 17. What is the role of a control group in an experimental study?

• A) To receive the experimental treatment
• B) To provide a baseline for comparison
• C) To analyze qualitative data
• D) To ensure random assignment of participants

Q43: 18. Which data analysis technique is used to identify patterns and relationships in large datasets?

• A) Descriptive statistics
• B) Content analysis
• C) Regression analysis
• D) Data mining

Q44: 19. What is the purpose of peer review in sociological research?

• A) To validate research findings
• B) To exclude conflicting data from the study
• C) To manipulate research findings
• D) To ensure researchers can publish without scrutiny

Q45: 20. Which of the following is a potential limitation of survey research in sociology?

• A) Limited generalizability of findings
• B) High cost of data collection
• C) Difficulty in establishing causal relationships
• D) Subjectivity in data interpretation

Q46: 21. What is the purpose of debriefing participants after their involvement in a research study?

• A) To manipulate research findings
• B) To ensure participants are compensated for their time
• C) To provide additional information about the study's objectives
• D) To address any concerns or questions about the study

Q47: 22. How does reliability differ from validity in sociological research?

• A) Reliability refers to the consistency of measurement, while validity refers to accuracy
• B) Reliability ensures generalizability, while validity ensures replicability
• C) Reliability is subjective, while validity is objective
• D) Reliability is about statistical significance, while validity is about theoretical relevance

Q48: 23. Which theoretical perspective in sociology focuses on the ways in which social institutions maintain social order?

• A) Functionalism
• B) Conflict theory
• C) Symbolic interactionism
• D) Feminist theory

Q49: 24. What is the purpose of coding qualitative data in sociological research?

• A) To manipulate research findings
• B) To exclude contradictory data
• C) To categorize and analyze themes or patterns
• D) To calculate statistical significance

Q50: 25. Which of the following is an example of an independent variable in a study on voting behavior?

• A) Age of the participants
• B) Political party affiliation
• C) Income level of the participants
• D) Voting turnout in previous elections