Q1: 1. Which of the following is not an excretory product in humans?

• A) Urea
• B) Carbon dioxide
• C) Glucose
• D) Ammonia

Q2: 2. What is the primary excretory product in birds and reptiles?

• A) Uric acid
• B) Ammonia
• C) Urea
• D) Creatinine

Q3: 3. Which organ is responsible for the elimination of urea from the human body?

• A) Liver
• B) Kidneys
• C) Lungs
• D) Skin

Q4: 4. Ammonia is converted to urea primarily in which organ of the body?

• A) Liver
• B) Lungs
• C) Stomach
• D) Skin

Q5: 5. Which of the following animals excretes ammonia as the primary nitrogenous waste?

• A) Humans
• B) Fish
• C) Birds
• D) Reptiles

Q6: 6. The process of filtration of blood to form urine occurs in which part of the nephron?

• A) Bowman's capsule
• B) Loop of Henle
• C) Proximal convoluted tubule
• D) Distal convoluted tubule

Q7: 7. Which hormone regulates the reabsorption of water in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron?

• A) Aldosterone
• B) Insulin
• C) Glucagon
• D) ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

Q8: 8. Which of the following structures is responsible for maintaining the concentration gradient in the kidney medulla?

• A) Loop of Henle
• B) Glomerulus
• C) Bowman's capsule
• D) Renal pelvis

Q9: 9. Which of the following is a function of the urinary bladder?

• A) Filtration of blood
• B) Reabsorption of water
• C) Storage of urine
• D) Formation of urine

Q10: 10. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of kidney stones in the urinary system?

• A) Nephritis
• B) Glomerulonephritis
• C) Renal failure
• D) Nephrolithiasis

Q11: 11. The process of removal of metabolic wastes from the body is known as

• A) Digestion
• B) Excretion
• C) Respiration
• D) Circulation

Q12: 12. Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product excreted by insects?

• A) Urea
• B) Ammonia
• C) Uric acid
• D) Creatinine

Q13: 13. The process of reabsorption of essential substances from the filtrate in the nephron occurs mainly in the

• A) Bowman's capsule
• B) Loop of Henle
• C) Proximal convoluted tubule
• D) Distal convoluted tubule

Q14: 14. Which of the following is a function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?

• A) Regulation of body temperature
• B) Regulation of blood pressure
• C) Production of digestive enzymes
• D) Production of hormones

Q15: 15. The process of urine formation involves three main steps, including

• A) Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
• B) Digestion, absorption, and elimination
• C) Respiration, circulation, and excretion
• D) Synthesis, metabolism, and excretion

Q16: 16. Which of the following hormones is involved in the regulation of blood volume and pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

• A) Insulin
• B) Glucagon
• C) Aldosterone
• D) Calcitonin

Q17: 17. The release of excess water and electrolytes from the body in the form of urine is essential for

• A) Regulating body temperature
• B) Maintaining electrolyte balance
• C) Enhancing muscle growth
• D) Improving cognitive function

Q18: 18. Which of the following is a condition where the kidneys fail to filter waste products effectively from the blood?

• A) Diabetes
• B) Anemia
• C) Renal failure
• D) Hypertension

Q19: 19. Which of the following substances is a byproduct of muscle metabolism and is excreted by the kidneys?

• A) Urea
• B) Uric acid
• C) Ammonia
• D) Bilirubin

Q20: 20. The process of maintaining the pH balance of the blood by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions occurs in the

• A) Proximal convoluted tubule
• B) Loop of Henle
• C) Distal convoluted tubule
• D) Collecting duct

Q21: 21. Which of the following is a common symptom of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by bacterial invasion of the urinary system?

• A) Hypertension
• B) Polyuria
• C) Anemia
• D) Dysuria

Q22: 22. The structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation is called the

• A) Nephron
• B) Glomerulus
• C) Renal pelvis
• D) Ureter

Q23: 23. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of excess uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain?

• A) Gout
• B) Osteoporosis
• C) Arthritis
• D) Fibromyalgia

Q24: 24. The process of water reabsorption in the nephron is facilitated by the hormone

• A) Insulin
• B) Glucagon
• C) ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
• D) Calcitonin

Q25: 25. Which of the following organs is responsible for the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow?

• A) Liver
• B) Pancreas
• C) Kidneys
• D) Spleen