Q1: 1. What is the primary source of mineral particles in soils?

• A) Biological decay
• B) Weathering of rocks
• C) Volcanic eruptions
• D) Deposition of sediments

Q2: 2. Which process involves the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles by physical or chemical means?

• A) Erosion
• B) Decomposition
• C) Weathering
• D) Sedimentation

Q3: 3. Which of the following is a form of mechanical weathering?

• A) Hydration
• B) Oxidation
• C) Frost action
• D) Carbonation

Q4: 4. In which type of weathering process do minerals chemically react with water and air to form new compounds?

• A) Hydration
• B) Oxidation
• C) Carbonation
• D) Hydrolysis

Q5: 5. What is the process by which organic matter accumulates in soils over time?

• A) Decomposition
• B) Humification
• C) Leaching
• D) Podzolization

Q6: 6. Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the formation of soils?

• A) Climate
• B) Topography
• C) Human activities
• D) Parent material

Q7: 7. What role does vegetation play in soil formation?

• A) Accelerates erosion
• B) Inhibits weathering
• C) Adds organic matter
• D) Increases compaction

Q8: 8. Which type of soil is formed through the deposition of wind-blown sediments?

• A) Alluvial soil
• B) Colluvial soil
• C) Loess soil
• D) Lacustrine soil

Q9: 9. Which process involves the transport and accumulation of soil particles by moving water?

• A) Deposition
• B) Infiltration
• C) Transpiration
• D) Leaching

Q10: 10. What type of soil is formed by the gradual accumulation of organic matter in waterlogged conditions?

• A) Peat soil
• B) Clay soil
• C) Sandy soil
• D) Loam soil

Q11: 11. Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing soil formation?

• A) Time
• B) Vegetation
• C) Soil compaction
• D) Climate

Q12: 12. Which type of soil is typically found in areas with high volcanic activity?

• A) Andosols
• B) Chernozems
• C) Aridisols
• D) Gelisols

Q13: 13. What is the process by which minerals are carried downward through the soil profile by water?

• A) Leaching
• B) Eluviation
• C) Podzolization
• D) Illuviation

Q14: 14. Which type of soil is characterized by a distinct horizon with accumulated clay particles?

• A) Alfisols
• B) Spodosols
• C) Vertisols
• D) Oxisols

Q15: 15. What is the term for the process of soil particles settling out of suspension in water?

• A) Erosion
• B) Sedimentation
• C) Flocculation
• D) Percolation

Q16: 16. Which type of soil is formed in arid regions through the accumulation of calcium carbonate?

• A) Aridisols
• B) Mollisols
• C) Vertisols
• D) Calcisols

Q17: 17. What is the term for the process of soil particles being removed from one soil horizon and deposited in another?

• A) Illuviation
• B) Eluviation
• C) Podzolization
• D) Translocation

Q18: 18. Which type of soil is characterized by a dark, organic-rich surface horizon?

• A) Histosols
• B) Inceptisols
• C) Entisols
• D) Ultisols

Q19: 19. In which type of weathering process do minerals react with oxygen to form iron oxides?

• A) Hydration
• B) Oxidation
• C) Carbonation
• D) Hydrolysis

Q20: 20. Which process involves the movement of water through the soil profile?

• A) Infiltration
• B) Evaporation
• C) Capillarity
• D) Transpiration

Q21: 21. What is the term for the accumulation of soil particles at the base of a slope?

• A) Colluviation
• B) Pedogenesis
• C) Eluviation
• D) Podzolization

Q22: 22. Which type of soil is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown sand particles?

• A) Regosols
• B) Arenosols
• C) Gleysols
• D) Andisols

Q23: 23. What is the term for the process of soil particles sticking together to form aggregates?

• A) Dispersion
• B) Flocculation
• C) Liquefaction
• D) Compaction

Q24: 24. Which type of soil is formed in waterlogged conditions with poor drainage?

• A) Gleysols
• B) Chernozems
• C) Kastanozems
• D) Phaeozems

Q25: 25. What is the term for the process of soil particles being carried away by flowing water or wind?

• A) Deposition
• B) Erosion
• C) Leaching
• D) Compaction